Factors that affect the health of immigrants: Qualitative meta synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Migration has challenged society. Most people who move do so for economic reasons, but others move for more tragic reasons. The proportion of female migrants was slightly higher than that of male migrants, partly due to the longer life expectancy of women and the higher demand for female migrants in care-related Jobs. The process may affect migrants' health, particularly in countries where healthcare is associated with high economic costs or insurance availability. A global systematic review of qualitative studies with meta-synthesis was conducted. The results can be used to support health policy and clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To describe how migrants perceive and experience the process of migrating and how it affects their health. SEARCH STRATEGY: Databases consulted were Medline, PsychInfo, Cuiden, Cinahl, WOS, Scopus, Social Science Database, and Epistemonikos. Thirty-four articles were selected for final meta-synthesis. INCLUSION CRITERIA: All qualitative primary studies were included that describe the experiences or perceptions of migrants and refugees over 18 years that talk about their migration process and the impact on their health; written in English or Spanish between 2016 and 2021. Articles referring to second generations and those dealing with pathologies that pre-date the migration process were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The COREQ and JBI templates were used as quality criteria. Studies mostly used a phenomenological methodology and in-depth interviews, both individual and group, were used for data collection and narrative synthesis. MAIN RESULTS: Uncertainty emerges as a main category. Three other interrelated themes have a direct impact on migrants' health: Language, Social Networks and Work. There are several conditions in each of these that have a positive or negative impact on health. The gender condition appears in both work and social networks, positively and negatively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Health would be improved by having a stable job, which would facilitate access to health resources. Social networks and language are facilitators of access to a better job, but not the only condition. From a gender perspective, social networks can become a source of health problems, especially for women. The process of migration places women in a position of vulnerability due to the difficulties of reconciling family and work life. Job insecurity, workload, loss of family life or social isolation increase hopelessness and anxiety, leading to health problems. PUBLIC OR PATIENT CONTRIBUTION: As an academic review study, no patient contribution was required, and this study serves as a theoretical framework for more in-depth research that will work with migrant populations. As a public contribution, this work provides evidence of the need to improve access to health for some populations, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set for 2030.

Photovoice: An active learning tool with community nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: To assess nursing students' experiences of using photovoice as a pedagogical approach to active learning in the community. METHODS: A descriptive design with a cross-sectional mixed-method questionnaire was used with 108 students following an educational activity, in which their communities were photographed and the impact of the pandemic on vulnerable populations was reflected. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Seventy eight percent of the students felt that photovoice was an interesting and useful tool for nurses, 89% affirmed it helped stimulate reflection on social and health inequities in times of pandemic, 82% described that it developed many emotions and feelings and 86% would like to disseminate their photographs directly to stakeholders, citizens, and politicians. Three themes were identified in the data: "stimulate critical reflection", "develop emotional skills", and "encourage action". CONCLUSIONS: Photovoice is a successful active learning pedagogical approach that engages nursing students to develop critical awareness while connecting with their communities, with the real world. It fosters students' sensitivity and motivation and encourages them to take action. Teachers need to introduce new scaffolds for active learning, such as photovoice, to provide innovative academic support that nurtures and develops the next generation of nurses appropriately.

[Reacciones de las mujeres ante el folleto del Programa de Detección Precoz del Cáncer de Mama.] / Women's reactions upon reading a leaflet on Breast Cancer Screening Program.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer screening (BCS) leaflets are important for outreach and dissemination of BCS programs. Knowing how women perceive these leaflets is relevant to better understand their attitude towards BCS. The objective of this paper was to explore women's reactions regarding BCS leaflet. METHODS: A simple descriptive qualitative design was performed involving women aged between forty and sixty years of age in Asturias (Spain). Twenty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with women of different socioeconomic profiles in 2018. Thematic analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Reading the leaflet elicited positive emotions such as peace of mind, well-being or gratitude, in addition to fear or anxiety. The women expressed various beliefs about breast cancer (highly prevalent and high survival rates), about BCS (a program aimed at prevention, a normative activity among their peers) and about the relevant role of health services and the media. Ambivalent attitudes towards BCS were detected, related to emotions. CONCLUSIONS: The emotional response after reading the brochure is ambivalent, although most of the women express positive emotions. Women compare the information with previous beliefs, especially regarding breast cancer (BC) and BCS. It is important to understand how certain emotions (especially negative ones) are closely related to the attitude towards BCS.

OBJETIVO: El folleto del Programa de Detección Precoz del Cáncer de Mama (PDPCM) es una importante herramienta de difusión de ese programa. Conocer la percepción de las mujeres sobre ese material informativo es relevante para entender mejor su actitud hacia el PDPCM. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar las reacciones de las mujeres respecto al folleto del PDPCM. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo en mujeres de entre cuarenta y sesenta años en Asturias (España). Se realizaron veintiséis entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres de diferentes perfiles socioeconómicos en 2018. Se realizó un análisis de contenido para identificar inductivamente las categorías emergentes. RESULTADOS: La lectura del folleto despertó emociones positivas como tranquilidad, bienestar o gratitud, pero también miedo o inquietud. Las mujeres expresaron diversas creencias sobre el CM (enfermedad muy prevalente y de elevada supervivencia), sobre el PDPCM (programa dirigido a la prevención y que suponía una actividad normalizada en su entorno) y sobre el relevante papel de los servicios de salud y los medios de comunicación. Se detectaron actitudes ambivalentes hacia el PDPCM y estas actitudes estaban relacionadas con las emociones. CONCLUSIONES: La respuesta emocional al leer el folleto es ambivalente, aunque la mayoría de las mujeres expresan emociones positivas. Las mujeres comparan la información con sus creencias previas, especialmente respecto al CM y al PDPCM. Es importante entender cómo ciertas emociones (especialmente las negativas) están estrechamente relacionadas con la actitud hacia este programa.

Perception of care from the perspective of nursing students: A study using photovoice, storytelling and poetry.

BACKGROUND: The Higher Education in Nursing requires providing students with skills such as critical and reflective thinking about the actions to be carried out so that they are capable of providing humanised and quality care in an increasingly complex and technified society. Participatory teaching methodologies promote the development of these skills. OBJECTIVES: to explore the potential of photovoice, storytelling and poetry as instruments capable of encouraging reflection. To identify through images (photovoice) and poetic narratives (storytelling and poetry) the perception that students of the nursing degree express about nursing care. DESIGN: qualitative study in the framework of the socio-critical paradigm, using photovoice, storytelling and poetry in the field of care. PARTICIPANTS: first-year undergraduate nursing students at two Spanish universities in the academic year 2021-2022. METHODOLOGY: 48 images were shown and students were asked to select one, write a narrative and generate a short poem connected to the image. Subsequently, a content analysis was conducted of those poems evoked by the five photographs most chosen by the students. The analysis was supported by qualitative data analysis software. A total of 67 contributions from 67 students were analysed. RESULTS: the concepts addressed in the poems and the compositions generated reveal how critical humanist thinking and reflection on the subject of care developed. The topics identified were care, accompaniment throughout the life cycle, working on the basis of values and caring for small details as subcategories of nursing care. CONCLUSION: The combination of different tools in university education has encouraged reflection and enabled students to identify for themselves the importance of humanised care. Working on the theoretical foundation in an active way can reduce the gap between theory and practice and foster the empowerment of the nursing identity.

Nursing Students' Perception about Gender Inequalities Presented on Social Networks: A Qualitative Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, gender inequalities in nurses have been exacerbated through the images shown on social networks. This study aimed to explore and describe nursing students' experiences and perceptions about gender inequalities in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive qualitative study was carried out in two universities in 264 undergraduate nursing students. The photovoice method was used to guide the study. Results: Two main categories and four subcategories were described from the data: "gender-related stereotypes", with "male leadership in a female profession" and "sexualization of female nurses" and "women's vulnerability in the pandemic" with "the gender gap in the face of increased risk of contagion " and "women's emotional fragility". Over the years, care has been considered a female task, and nursing continues to be thought of in this way. The nurse has been discriminated against, poorly considered as a professional, and, as a woman, subjected to gender roles.

The Feelings of Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Confinement: Narrative-Based Nursing and Poetry-of-Care Perspectives.

(1) Background: Experiences involve feelings, which, in turn, produce meaning that can become a subjectively lived experience. Therefore, the study of experiences and feelings is essential. INTRODUCTION: We examined the role of narrative-based nursing (NBN) and the poetry of care (PC). OBJECTIVE: To reflect upon the emotions and feelings experienced by nursing students during confinement induced by COVID-19. (2) Methods: This is a qualitative study with a focus on reflexive anthropology, NBN, and PC. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The non-probabilistic sample of incidental, casual, or accessibility type. It consists of 198 students completing their first degree in nursing (the academic year of 2019-2020) of the University of Alicante. (3) Results: Three main categories were considered in the research: For the 'first day', 21 subcategories were identified, and uncertainty was the most frequently noted feeling. For the 'most significant day', 22 subcategories were found, with the explosion of feelings being the most frequent. For the 'last day', 15 subcategories were recorded, with the feeling of relief being the most common. CONCLUSIONS: The NBN and PC are relevant therapeutic tools that facilitate reflection and promote awareness of feelings.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Inequities: A Photovoice Study With Nursing Students.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has an amplified impact on vulnerable populations. Also, aspects related to health inequalities are insufficiently taught in higher education. This study aims to promote reflection in nursing students on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable populations affected by health inequities. METHODOLOGY: A photovoice method was used. Undergraduate nursing students (Spain and United Kingdom) took and explained photographs using SHOWED models. RESULTS: 108 students participated. Two-domain summary themes were created: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted ethnic minorities and socioeconomically vulnerable groups, and Proposals to respond to the negative impact on ethnic minorities and socioeconomically vulnerable groups. DISCUSSION: The students identified negative health scenarios by linking COVID-19 with aspects of work, salary, and housing of these two specific populations. Holistic actions were also proposed to protect their health. As future health professionals, they must recognize these communities and work to eliminate inequalities.

Violence in Dating Relationships: Validation of the CADRI Questionnaire in a Young Adult Population.

Dating violence in the young adult population is reaching alarming levels. However, the instruments used to measure it and their results are still heterogeneous. The main aim of this study was to validate the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory questionnaire for a young adult Spanish university population aged between 19 and 25 years old, and to describe the types of violence perpetrated and suffered. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A validity analysis was carried out through a confirmatory factor analysis. The relative frequencies for each type of violence and the Chi2 test for two dichotomous variables were used to describe the different types of violence perpetrated and suffered. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 976 young adults aged 19-25 years old (M = 21.7 years. SD = 1.8). The confirmatory factor analysis had an adequate structure and a good fit to the model. The types of violence perpetrated and suffered were described according to the sex of the participants, with significant differences found for verbal-emotional violence and physical violence exerted. CONCLUSIONS: The confirmatory factor analysis allowed us to consider the application of the questionnaire to be correct for the study population.

Baby-led weaning: Health professionals 'knowledge and attitudes and parents' experiences from Spain. A mixed methods approach.

Baby-led weaning or self-regulated small chunk feeding by the baby has emerged as an alternative to the traditional method of complementary feeding. Parents and healthcare professionals often differ in the benefits and drawbacks about it. The research aims were to describe the knowledge of health professionals about complementary feeding and baby-led weaning (BLW) method and the attitudes towards its recommendation, and to explore the knowledge, experiences and attitudes of parents who have used this method to feed their children. A mixed methods research was carried out. A questionnaire was completed by 38 health professionals and 10 interviews were conducted with participating mothers. A total of 52.6% of health professionals recommended initiating complementary feeding at 6 months of age, a guideline followed by the mothers who used BLW. Some 86.8% of the professionals knew the BLW method and 76.3% knew its benefits, but the mothers consulted mainly informal sources of information sources to learn about and implement it. The health professionals stated that it facilitated family transition, enabled the infant to adapt better to flavours and textures, promoted chewing and the development of fine motor skills, improved growth and might also be a protective factor against obesity. The mothers noted that the method was natural, encouraged infant autonomy and promoted healthy eating habits. The health professionals expressed varied opinions concerning the risks entailed in the method. The main conclusions are that the majority of health professionals participating in the study know the BLW method, its benefits; however, they do not recommend it in all cases. Mothers listen to the advice of professionals but continue to rely on other informal sources of information.

Photovoice and dramatisation in the classroom with nursing students: An exploratory study to raise awareness of the cultural and social dimensions of violence against women.

BACKGROUND: Active teaching methodologies that incorporate students' feelings and beliefs and encourage them to reflect upon and critically think about certain variables, are extremely useful to teachers. OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential of dramatisation and photovoice technologies as instruments to stimulate nursing students to reflect upon violence against women in society, thereby encouraging critical thinking and debate in a participatory way. DESIGN: This was a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory study which used the participatory action research approach. PARTICIPANTS: Forty fourth-year students enrolled in the Nursing undergraduate degree at the University of Alicante in Spain. METHODS: The photovoice technique was used to record images from a dramatisation which served as the basis to represent scenes from the everyday life of people who are subjected to physical and psychological violence. These photographs were then debated and analysed by the students. We used MAXQDA® software and the guidelines published by Giorgi to aid our data analysis. RESULTS: Four main categories emerged; the 'violence against women'. The 'victim' and 'abuser' categories considered 'emotions', 'feelings', 'attitudes', and 'behaviours'. The fourth category that emerged was 'social viewpoints'. CONCLUSIONS: Photovoice-dramatisation raised awareness among the students and allowed them to reflect upon these behaviours and to critically think about the cultural and social dimensions of violence against women. The use of both of these techniques in practical and theoretical contexts to train students can help to nurture social commitment when faced with this problem.

Contribution of students to nursing practice settings during clinical training: Design and validation of a questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: A validated questionnaire to measure the contributions of nursing students to clinical settings could potentially assist in the improved management of students in healthcare institutions. AIM: To develop and test the psychometric properties of the questionnaire 'Nursing Student Contributions to Clinical Settings' (CEEEC, Spanish acronym for 'Contribuciones de los Estudiantes de Enfermería a los Entornos Clínicos'). DESIGN: Instrument design and psychometric testing. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: A multicentre study involving 1,098 nursing professionals from three universities and five hospitals of Spain, between January 2019 and March 2020. METHODS: The study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 involved the questionnaire design by experts (n = 28), which required a review of the available literature, cognitive interviews and Delphi rounds, and a preliminary validity study, which included a pilot test with responses from a sample of nurses (n = 143). Phase 2 involved a formal validation with a wider sample of nurses (n = 927), including factor analysis and a study of convergent validity with the Practice Environment Scale-Nursing Work Index and Health Sciences-Evidence Based Practice. RESULTS: Experts selected 42 items on student contributions. After cognitive interviews, three items were eliminated and seven failed to reach the minimum content validity index (78%). Based on the remaining 32 items, the discrimination index of each item was calculated, and those with <0.3, eight items were sequentially eliminated. The resulting questionnaire contained 24 items grouped into a single factor, which explained 41% of the variance. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha: 0.94), and the convergent validity was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: A 24-item questionnaire was designed and validated to measure the contributions of nursing students to clinical practice settings. IMPACT: Most hospitals are also teaching centres where nursing students undergo clinical practice. The application of this test will provide insight into the nursing professionals' perception of the students' role.

Emotions, Feelings, and Experiences of Social Workers While Attending to Vulnerable Groups: A Qualitative Approach.

Social workers in the community setting are in constant contact with the suffering experienced by the most vulnerable individual. Social interventions are complex and affect social workers' emotional well-being. The aim of this study was to identify the emotions, feelings, and experiences social workers have while attending to individuals in situations of vulnerability and hardship. A qualitative methodology based on hermeneutic phenomenology was used. Six interviews and two focus group sessions were conducted with social workers from the community social services and health services of the Andalusian Public Health System in the province of Almería (Spain). Atlas.ti 8.0 software was used for discourse analysis. The professionals highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups, such as the elderly and minors, people with serious mental problems, and people with scarce or no economic resources. Daily contact with situations of suffering generates a variety of feelings and emotions (anger, sadness, fear, concern). Therefore, more attention should be paid to working with the emotions of social workers who are exposed to tense and threatening situations. Peer support, talking, and discussions of experiences are pointed out as relevant by all social workers. Receiving training and support (in formal settings) in order to learn how to deal with vulnerable groups could be positive for their work and their professional and personal quality of life.

Exploring The Netley British Red Cross Magazine: An example of the development of nursing and patient care during the First World War.

Netley Hospital played a crucial role in caring for the wounded during the nineteenth century and twentieth century, becoming one of the busiest military hospitals of the time. Simultaneously, Florence Nightingale delved into the concept of health and developed the theoretical basis of nursing. This research aims to describe the experiences related to nursing and patient care described in The Netley British Red Cross Magazine during the First World War. The analysis displays different nurses' roles and the influence of environmental factors in the delivery of the soldiers' care. There are indications that Nightingale's ideas would have infiltrated the nursing practices and other aspects of the soldiers' recovery at Netley. The history of the Netley Red Cross Hospital shows the theoretical and practical advancement of nursing care towards a holistic approach.

Doença inflamatória intestinal: percepções dos pacientes e dos profissionais de saúde sobre a tomada de decisão compartilhada / Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: percepciones de los pacientes y de los profesionales de la salud sobre la toma de decisiones compartida / Inflammatory bowel disease: patients' and professionals' perceptions of shared decision-making

Resumo Objetivo Descrever as percepções de implementação da lei 41/2002 sobre a autonomia do paciente com doença inflamatória intestinal e profissionais em relação à tomada de decisão compartilhada. Métodos Estudo qualitativo e descritivo, utilizando abordagem fenomenológica. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas em dez pacientes pertencentes à Associação de Pacientes com Doença de Crohn e Colite Ulcerativa de Zamora (Espanha), e grupo focal com sete gastroenterologistas e enfermeiros da clínica de ostomia e unidade de gastroenterologia hospitalar do Hospital Virgen de la Concha de Zamora. Foi realizada análise do conteúdo temático dos dados. Resultados Surgiram duas categorias principais e sete subcategorias: Informação (com conhecimento dos profissionais e dos pacientes, confiança no profissional, tempo e atitude em relação à informação) e Tomada de decisão compartilhada (com atitude em relação à informação, enfrentamento/resignação e apoio às decisões). A tomada de decisão compartilhada é um processo complexo, onde não somente a informação é o principal benefício para os pacientes, mas outras questões como apoio, tempo de doença ou emergência são importantes para a decisão do paciente. Conclusão Descrever as percepções dos pacientes e dos profissionais sobre a tomada de decisões compartilhadas, que as viam como um processo complexo. Melhorar as informações fornecidas aos pacientes sobre sua doença e seus direitos pode influenciar a participação na tomada de decisão compartilhada e modificar atitudes. Os pacientes não adotaram permanentemente um papel ativo ou passivo em relação à tomada de decisão compartilhada, mas, por múltiplos fatores, oscilaram entre os papéis. Consequentemente, é importante que os profissionais de saúde se envolvam no processo de compreensão dos pacientes e de suas necessidades para facilitar a tomada de decisão compartilhada. Além disso, é necessário maior investimento por parte das autoridades para garantir continuidade dos cuidados e desenvolver unidades multidisciplinares para doenças inflamatórias intestinais como forma de melhorar a tomada de decisão compartilhada.

Resumen Objetivo Describir las percepciones de la implementación de la ley 41/2002 sobre la autonomía del paciente con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y profesionales con relación a la toma de decisiones compartida. Métodos Estudio cualitativo y descriptivo, que utiliza el enfoque fenomenológico. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a diez pacientes pertenecientes a la Asociación de Pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa de Zamora (España); y un grupo focal de siete gastroenterólogos y enfermeros de la clínica de ostomía y de la unidad de gastroenterología hospitalaria del Hospital Virgen de la Concha de Zamora. Se realizó un análisis del contenido temático de los datos. Resultados Surgieron dos categorías principales y siete subcategorías: Información (con conocimiento de los profesionales y de los pacientes, confianza en el profesional, tiempo y actitud con relación a la información) y Toma de decisiones compartida (con actitud respecto a la información, enfrentamiento/resignación y apoyo a las decisiones). La toma de decisiones compartida es un proceso complejo en el que no solamente la información es el principal beneficio para los pacientes, sino que también hay otras cuestiones importantes para la decisión del paciente, como el apoyo, el tiempo de enfermedad o la emergencia. Conclusión Describir las percepciones de los pacientes y de los profesionales sobre la toma de decisiones compartida, que era vista como un proceso complejo. Mejorar la información ofrecida a los pacientes sobre su enfermedad y sus derechos puede influir en la participación de la toma de decisiones compartida y modificar actitudes. Los pacientes no adoptaron un papel permanentemente activo o pasivo respecto a la toma de decisiones compartida, sino que oscilaban entre los dos papeles debido a múltiples factores. Por lo tanto, es importante que los profesionales de la salud se involucren en el proceso de comprensión de los pacientes y de sus necesidades para facilitar la toma de decisiones compartida. Además, son necesarias mayores inversiones por parte de las autoridades para garantizar una continuidad de los cuidados y desarrollar unidades multidisciplinarias para enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales como forma de mejorar la toma de decisiones compartida.

Abstract Objective To describe perceptions of implementing law 41/2002 on patient autonomy in inflammatory bowel disease patients and professionals in relation to shared decision-making. Methods Qualitative descriptive study using a phenomenological approach. We conduced semi-structured interviews to 10 patients belonging to the Association of Patients with Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in Zamora (Spain) as well as focus group to 7 gastroenterologists and nurses from the ostomy clinic and inpatient gastroenterology unit at the Virgen de la Concha Hospital in Zamora. Data thematic content analysis was performed. Results Two main categories and seven sub-categories emerged: Information (with professionals' and patients' knowledge, trust in the professional, time and attitude to information) and Shared decision-making (with attitude to information, coping-resignation and support for decisions). Shared decision-making is a complex process where not only the information is the main value for the patients, but other issues like support, time of illness or emergency are important for patient decision. Conclusion To describe patients' and professionals' perceptions of shared decision-making, who saw it as a complex process. To improve the information provided to patients about their illness and their rights can influence participation in shared decision-making and change attitudes. Patients did not permanently adopt an active or passive role in relation to shared decision-making, but instead oscillated between roles depending on multiple factors. Consequently, it is important for health professionals to engage in the process of understanding patients and their needs to facilitate shared decision-making. In addition, greater investment by the authorities is needed to ensure continuity of care and create multidisciplinary inflammatory bowel disease units as measures to improve shared decision-making.

Cultural Care of Pregnancy and Home Birth: An Application of the Sunrise Model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of older women close to the pregnant woman may be relevant when conveying information. The use of theories/models can guide the development of nursing practice. PURPOSE: To explore beliefs and practices related to pregnancy and childbirth from the perspective of older women who gave birth at home, applying Leininger's Sunrise Model. METHODS: Qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with 24 older women who gave birth at home (rural area, Spain). Manual content analysis of the data was used, and Sunrise Model guided to explore the role of culture and the factors affecting maternity care. RESULTS: Two main categories emerged: beliefs/practices related to physiological aspects (subcategories: minimal intervention, hygiene, pain control, rest, feeding) and to psychosocial aspects (subcategories: spiritual well-being, company). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The experiences of older women who gave birth at home helped us to understand some beliefs that survive in some pregnant women, similar in different cultures, and divided into physiological and psychosocial aspects. Older women have a relevant role as transmitters of information, and can provide some keys to plan health interventions, as companions or counselors. Applying the Sunrise Model, we verified the weight that culture has in maternal health care, and the multiple factors that interfere with the way of caring. The application of models helps us to improve nursing practice: not only should we focus on knowing the physical aspects, but also the social and cultural circumstances surrounding the pregnant woman.

Using Photovoice to stimulate critical thinking: An exploratory study with Nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: to explore the potentialities of the Photovoice methodology to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health. METHOD: an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach, using different steps of the Photovoice methodology. Nursing students obtained photographs in their community, showing Social Determinants of Health, analyzed and classified the photographs, and exposed the results in the Nursing school. The students answered a questionnaire writing their perceptions. The data collected from the questionnaires were qualitatively analyzed. RESULTS: 91 students participated in the study. Two main categories emerged from the data: Photovoice is a good methodology to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health, and Photovoice is a good methodology to stimulate other skills (expressing beliefs and perceptions, stimulating creativity, developing research skills, strengthening ties with colleagues, and attracting attention). CONCLUSION: we explore the potentialities of the Photovoice methodology. It can be an original, simple and economical tool to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health, and to stimulate other skills. Photovoice can be considered in teaching about aspects related to health/care in Nursing students, in order to promote critical thinking of future agents for a change in health.

Perceptions and wishes about delivery of full-term pregnant women in Zamora. / Percepciones y deseos sobre el parto en gestantes a término en Zamora.

OBJECTIVE: To describe perceptions and wishes regarding childbirth in a group of full-term pregnant women in Zamora. METHOD: Qualitative study of phenomenological character. Participants and scope of study: pregnant women (37-38 weeks), Zamora Sur and Santa Elena health centres (Zamora, Spain). DATA COLLECTION: semi-structured interviews, until data saturation (16 interviews). DATA ANALYSIS: analysis of thematic content. RESULTS: The maternal feelings varied from joy to fear or stress. The interviewees said they did not feel capable of enduring the pain of childbirth. The needs that they felt most important were having support and accompaniment during delivery (especially of their partner) and receiving good treatment from the healthcare workers. CONCLUSIONS: The importance and repercussion of childbirth for women are not only biological, but also largely mental, emotional and social. It is conditioned by multiple factors: maternal feelings, their ability to deal with the pain of childbirth, their needs, the changes they have made, the support they have and the health professionals who care for them.

Using Photovoice to stimulate critical thinking: An exploratory study with Nursing students / Uso do Photovoice para estimular o pensamento crítico: um estudo exploratório com estudantes de Enfermagem / Cómo usar Photovoice para estimular el pensamiento crítico: un estudio exploratorio con estudiantes de enfermería

Objective: to explore the potentialities of the Photovoice methodology to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health. Method: an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach, using different steps of the Photovoice methodology. Nursing students obtained photographs in their community, showing Social Determinants of Health, analyzed and classified the photographs, and exposed the results in the Nursing school. The students answered a questionnaire writing their perceptions. The data collected from the questionnaires were qualitatively analyzed. Results: 91 students participated in the study. Two main categories emerged from the data: Photovoice is a good methodology to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health, and Photovoice is a good methodology to stimulate other skills (expressing beliefs and perceptions, stimulating creativity, developing research skills, strengthening ties with colleagues, and attracting attention). Conclusion: we explore the potentialities of the Photovoice methodology. It can be an original, simple and economical tool to stimulate critical thinking on Social Determinants of Health, and to stimulate other skills. Photovoice can be considered in teaching about aspects related to health/care in Nursing students, in order to promote critical thinking of future agents for a change in health.

Objetivo: explorar as potencialidades da metodologia Photovoice para estimular o pensamento crítico sobre os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde. Método: estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando diferentes etapas da metodologia Photovoice. Os estudantes de enfermagem obtiveram fotografias em sua comunidade, mostrando Determinantes Sociais da Saúde, analisaram e classificaram as fotografias e expuseram os resultados na faculdade. Os alunos preencheram um questionário escrevendo suas percepções. Os dados coletados dos questionários foram analisados qualitativamente. Resultados: 91 estudantes participaram do estudo. Duas categorias principais emergiram dos dados: A Photovoice é uma boa metodologia para estimular o pensamento crítico sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde e estimular outras habilidades (expressar crenças e percepções, estimular a criatividade, desenvolver habilidades de pesquisa, fortalecer laços com colegas e atrair atenção). Conclusão: exploramos as potencialidades da metodologia Photovoice. Esta pode ser uma ferramenta original, simples e barata para estimular o pensamento crítico sobre os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde e estimular outras habilidades. A Photovoice pode considerar o ensino de aspectos relacionados à saúde/assistência em estudantes de enfermagem, a fim de promover o pensamento crítico de futuros agentes de mudança na saúde.

Objetivo: explorar las potencialidades de la metodología del Photovoice para estimular el pensamiento crítico sobre los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud. Método: estudio exploratorio y descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, en el que se utilizaron diferentes pasos de la metodología del Photovoice. Los estudiantes de enfermería tomaron fotografías en su comunidad, en las que se mostraban los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, las analizaron y clasificaron y expusieron los resultados en la facultad. A continuación, completaron un cuestionario escribiendo sus percepciones sobre las mismas. Los datos recopilados de los cuestionarios se analizaron cualitativamente. Resultados: en el estudio participaron 91 estudiantes. Surgieron dos categorías principales de los datos: Photovoice es una buena metodología para estimular el pensamiento crítico sobre los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, y Photovoice es una buena metodología para estimular otras habilidades (expresar creencias y percepciones, estimular la creatividad, desarrollar habilidades de investigación, fortalecer los lazos con los compañeros y atraer la atención). Conclusión: exploramos las potencialidades de la metodología Photovoice. Puede ser una herramienta original, simple y económica para estimular el pensamiento crítico sobre los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, y también para estimular otras habilidades. Photovoice se puede considerar para la enseñanza de aspectos relacionados con la salud y/o el cuidado con estudiantes de enfermería, para promover el pensamiento crítico de futuros agentes de cambio en la salud.

Social Network Analysis and Resilience in University Students: An Approach from Cohesiveness.

The Social Network Analysis offers a view of social phenomena based on interactions. The aim of this study is to compare social reality through the cohesion variable and analyse its relationship with the resilience of university students. This information is useful to work with the students academically and to optimise the properties of the network that have an influence in academic performance. This is a descriptive transversal study with 90 students from the first and third year of the Nursing Degree. Cohesion variables from the support and friendship networks and the level of resilience were gathered. The UCINET programme was used for network analysis and the SPSS programme for statistical analysis. The students' friendship and support networks show high intra-classroom cohesion although there are no differences between the support networks and friendship or minimal contact networks in both of the courses used for the study. The network cohesion indicators show less cohesion in the third year. No correlations were found between cohesion and resilience. Resilience does not appear to be an attribute related to cohesion or vice versa.

Social Network Analysis Applied to a Historical Ethnographic Study Surrounding Home Birth.

Safety during birth has improved since hospital delivery became standard practice, but the process has also become increasingly medicalised. Hence, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in home births due to the advantages it offers to mothers and their newborn infants. The aims of the present study were to confirm the transition from a home birth model of care to a scenario in which deliveries began to occur almost exclusively in a hospital setting; to define the social networks surrounding home births; and to determine whether geography exerted any influence on the social networks surrounding home births. Adopting a qualitative approach, we recruited 19 women who had given birth at home in the mid 20th century in a rural area in Spain. We employed a social network analysis method. Our results revealed three essential aspects that remain relevant today: the importance of health professionals in home delivery care, the importance of the mother’s primary network, and the influence of the geographical location of the actors involved in childbirth. All of these factors must be taken into consideration when developing strategies for maternal health.